Here are the notes I took down from the demos and critique after doing my first attempt. Not sure if I captured all of them, but this is what I managed: Proko Basic Notes: 1st Project : Simplifcation of values (Pear and Face) Design of Clear separation of shadow vs light 1. The brightest shadow should not be brighter than the darkest light i.e Dark halftone should not be darker than the shadow value.  2. Domination of either light or dark, create asymmetry.  3. For this exercise, I should choose to bring small details, especially the lip area in the model reference all into shadow to make the statement that it is in the shadow group, instead of adding the light groups into the parts of the lips that have bounce light in them. This is because we only have allocated 2 shadow values for our shadows, so we must choose to remove these smaller details. Value Control 1. Even gradation and stepping of values. That or have distinct groups of dark vs light.  2. If you wish to show more detail in the shadow side, allocate 3 values for that and 2 for light. 3. Since you are not rendering a metallic object, try not to have highlights next to shadows. Gradate it with a step of halftone. There is stepping gradation from dark to light. Have transitional halftones from shadow to highlight. 4. If your gradation steps for your light values are too close to each other, the image will not pop as much since it is harder to see the contrast and the steps. It is not as obvious that there is a plane change Shape design & Appeal 1. There should be unification of shadow group values, separated from a unified light group. There should be distinct rhythm of these groups of values. Do not overcomplicate, simplify to keep said rhythm distinct. You see rhythm mostly because you are drawing a 3D object, not an abstract 2D thing. There should not be random floating shapes. They must be tied and unified with the bigger picture. 2. Shape of the silhouette should be simplified more. Be bolder in simplifying shapes instead of sticking too much to accuracy.  3. The shape design and contours of the internal shapes as well as silhouette should be utilized to sell the form of the object. Consider the objects as a 3D form and use the orientation, tilt, angle, no. of sides of the shape to indicate **plane changes** 4. Create asymmetry by deliberately offsetting symmetrical shapes. Measurement and Observation: 1. Use plumb lines, use horizontal lines, use angles in relation to other already drawn features. I have done that for the silhouette, need to do more for the negative spaces and internal shadow shapes. Shading Process: 1. The reason you should use the tip of the pencil to shade is because it gives you a more even shading without too much texture. Using the flat of the graphite will not allow the pencil to go into the valleys of the bumps of the page. 2. Start out with shadows first (second darkest value) then proceed with either half tones or dark accents. 3. You don't want to (when using pencils) shade 100% of the desired value straight away. Ease into it, or you might risk overdoing it and leave unsightly gaps and inconsistencies. 4. When coming up with the value range (for pencils) , shade the dark accents on top of the shadow value, and darker halftone on top of the brighter half tone. Translating this into digital medium, place in shadow values first then on a separate and more front layer add in the dark accents. Always start with the lighter value first then add in the darker values (?). 5. Be deliberate in choosing whether to remove or exaggerate small details. Trying to replicate small details in shadow or light shapes is not simplifying and will overcomplicate the drawing. Make the artistic choice to either remove those small details or to exaggerate it so that you are clearly making the point to convey something with that detail.  6. Design the shapes as you are putting down the half tones (need to experiment with this) 7. The more contrast and more gradation there is, that's where the focal point is. 8. Squint more!! Quotes: People like to show the reflected lights in the shadows, which aren't that light, only seems so in comparison. But that isn't the focal point. Bargh said that the volume is in the lights, and the atmosphere is the in shadows. Airy, more texture, softer edges, less information. But in the lights, there will be planes and description of forms Shadows are areas of rest, areas of air, lights are focal points that describe volume.

Hello! Considering this is your first attempt on structure, you're doing fine. It will help if you used a fineliner / pen / darker pencil so that we can see your artwork better! :) Anyways, here's some tips you could try out. I'll come back with a better explanation with pictures later when I start doing the structure lesson in this course. I happened to have some experience with structure in another course. Firstly, it helps to draw through things, as if you have X-ray vision. I.e Drawing the other sides / faces / lines of a box instead of just drawing the faces that are visible Especially when starting out on structure, we aren't too concerned with likeness or whether it looks good. The most important thing is that it looks convincingly 3D, constructed from basic forms like the box, cube, cylinder, etc., perhaps from organic forms if you're comfortable. As such, you don't just want to draw the silhouette, you want to draw through the entire form, x-ray vision and everything. It help you understand how exactly a form sits on another form, or how it intersects. Also, it will help greatly to construct things with boxes or forms that have defined planes and faces (i.e a box). A box has clear indications of where it is facing and it's orientation, and constructing things and animals using the box will force us to think about orientation. It's something like what you have done with the heads of the giraffes. Perhaps you might want to try doing it with the body. This will provide you with a meaningful challenge that improves your spatial reasoning skills. Another thing, you can also try building up a complex form, such as a giraffe, instead of trying to capture it all in one shot. For example, you can start with a long rectangular box for the torso, then add on some lumps on its back, then the legs, etc. etc. This will give you a basic framework to work off of and help you find your bearings as to where each protrusion and dent is, and what kind of additional form has to be slapped on to match what is seen in the reference. Deconstructing animals into basic forms and structuralising them is harder than it looks, so don't feel discouraged after a few wonky results. Also, there are a few things that are quite important before we can see our attempts in structure being fruitful. 1. Knowing how to draw the basic box / cube. This is a test of perspective, whether we know how to direct the lines into which vanishing point where, and by how much due to foreshortening. Once you are able to draw a box with it's lines accurately converging to appropriate vanishing points, the next level is to be able to be able to rotate them in any orientation you wish. The box is a basic tool in construction. You'll be using this a lot. 2. Being able to wrap contour lines around a rounded form well enough to communicate a convicing form that looks 3D, like you can reach into the paper and grab it. Here's Marshal Vandruff's video on this topic: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFKMw8YekFY&ab_channel=Proko Try drawing a few sausages and then wrapping them with contour lines. The reason why this will be useful is that when you draw organic, blobby shapes for structure, you'll need to sell the form of that shape, instead of it simply being a 2D blob. Irshad Karim, an instructor on Proko, has a course called Drawabox, or you can simply visit his Youtube channel (Uncomfortable) to see how you explains the concepts and the assignments he gives. At least for myself, he has information on the more basics of the basics, perhaps all of which are needed to be intuitively understood (having practised enough) before I could imagine attempting the exercises here appropriately. He also has a supportive discord community that gives critical feedback, something you can benefit from. (I hope this isn't going against Proko's TOS, since the course is free, and supplements the courses here.) It'll teach you all the basics of the basics and really challenge and level up your spatial reasoning skills for construction. I'm revisiting Proko and the figure drawing course after gaining quite a few skills from Irshad Karim's stuff, having practised enough to be able to tackle this course more effectively. Construction is actually quite the advanced topic, especially for novices like myself. It requires a bunch of other fundamental skills like perspective, before we can pull of structuralising animals well. I had to practice drawing boxes for 2 weeks, 250 of them, before I could get the hang of how to converge lines accurate to vanishing points to get an accurate looking box. Lastly, it is always great to look at the homework of other students and model examples to see how they solve spatial problems, and try to replicate that in your own practice. I hope this helps! (pardon any typos, can't be bothered to spellcheck or grammar) edit: This is my amateur opinion on the matter, so it might help getting differing opinions. I'm not an art teacher, just another person trying to learn art. I might be wrong about certain things, though I hope I'm not. :) -Fat Squirrel

Wow! Impressive :-)

Hello! It's a late reply, but I'd like to point out how the cranial mass (width of the head) shouldn't be a full circle when viewed from the front. If you notice in the video, at around 1:10, Stan chops off a bit of the circle, then applies the ellipse on either side of the cranium, making the head not as round as a full circle. Also, if you refer to the 3D model of the loomis head provided in this course, it doesn't quite match up to the information given in this video. Stan shows the head from above (at 0:38) showing how the head tapers towards the front. The head is less wide in front than it is at the back. However, the 3D model shows the side planes as perfectly flat, so it isn't quite accurate. I got confused when I tried tracing over people's faces in the front view using the Loomis method, until I reviewed this video again. Hope this helps.